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Scenario of power sector in Gujarat

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Scenario Of Power sector in Gujarat Indian power sector is facing challenges despite the significant growth in generation capacity over the past few decades. The power situation in India is characterised by demand in excess of supply, high transmission and Distribution   losses, peak demand and energy shortages, low plant load factors and decreasing availability of best quality fuel to run the power plants. However, over the last few years, Gujarat has successfully crossed all these barriers. Gujarat has become successful in securing its overall energy requirements with installed power generation capacity of 23,927 MW (as of  Aug 2012). Institutional structure of power sector in Gujarat In the year 1999, the state of Gujarat established the Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) under the Companies Act, 1956. The GUVNL was created by the Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) as its wholly owned subsidiary towards restructuring of the power sector for better management.
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Slepian Theory

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Slepian Theory This also know as recovery rate theory. when arc is struck between electrodes or CB contacts, the medium between them is highly ionised. If current is alternating in nature,at current zero instant, the ionisation is very less (residual ionisation). After zero crossing, the ionisation again increases and the arc is restruck i.e. Arc current again increases. The voltage responsible for restricking of arc is known as restriking voltage. If dielectric strength of the medium is built up sufficient during current zero instant, it will prevent the arc to restrike i.e. current won't flow after that current zero instant.  This can be described as a race between dielectric strength and restriking voltage. If the rate of rise of dielectric strength is more than rate of rise of restriking voltage - the arc will not restrike.  But if rate of rise of dielectric strength is less than rate of rise of restriking voltage - the arc will restrike. The concept is elaborated
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Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)

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Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB) The supporting, current interrupting and top chamber are made up of porcelain. Hence, clearance between live parts and enclosure is small and requires less quality of oil, hence the breaker is called as Minimum oil circuit breaker (MOCB).  The chambers are completely filled with oil. The upper chamber of oil is does not come to lower. The fixed contact is enclosed in the quenching chamber. Moving contact makes sliding contact with lower fixed contact. The operating rod is operated by operating mechanism.the three poles are operating simultaneously. The voltage ratings are from 3. 6 kv to 420 kV.  Wnen the contacts carrying current are separated in the oil the arc is developed. The heat of arc causes decomposition of oil and gases are formed. These gases expand due to heating of arc. The gas flowing near the contact zone causes cooling and splitting of the arc and extinguishes the arc. After the arc is quenched at last curr
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Fuses

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Fuses A fuse is a Short piece of metal inserted in the circuit, which melts when excessive current flows through it an thus breaks the circuit and protects the equipment.  Materials of fuse:- Most commonly used materials for fuse elements are lead, tin, copper, zinc, silver. Silver is used now-a-days. It is a best fuse material.   Important terms related to fuses:- Current rating of fuse element:-  It is the (r. m. s. value of) current which the fuse element can carry without over heating or melting. Fusing current:-  It is the minimum current at which the fuse element melts and disconnects the circuit protected by it. This value is obviously more than cuurent rating.  Fusing current depends upon the material of fuse element, length, diameter and type of enclosure.  The value is always greater than one. The smaller the fusing factor, the greater the difficulty in avoiding determination due to overheating And oxidation at reted curren
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Induction type Over Current Relay

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Induction type Over Current Relay Induction type Over Current Relay(Non Directional) :- Construction:- The relay works on induction principle. Actuating quantity is current (from CT secondary). The primary winding is connected to secondary of C. T. in the line to be protected. An aluminum disc is pivoted which moves freely between two electromagnets. The primary is tapped (1...... 7). Tne tappings are connected to plug setting bridge so that number of active turns on relay can be changed and desired current setting can be obtained. Secondary winding is connected to lower magnet by series connection. Due to induction principle e. m. f is induced in secondary due to current in primary. The torque exerted on the disc is due to interaction of eddy-currents in the disc and flux produced by upper and lower magnet. The two fluxes have phase displacement. The spindle carries moving contact which bridges the two fixed contacts which are connected to trip circuit. T
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Desirable qualities And Term's of protective Relaying

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Desirable qualities And Term's of protective Relaying Selectivity and Discrimination Speed Sensitivity Reliability Simplicity Adequateness Economy 1. Selectivity and Discrimination:- Selectivity  is the ability of the protective system to select correctly the faulty part of the system and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing rest of the system. And in order to provide selectivity to the system entire system is divided into several protection zones.  Discrimination means 'identifying the difterence between'. This property of protective relaying enables it to distinguish between the nomaal condition and abnormal condition. The protective scheme should operate during abnormal condition and notduring normal condition. If Fault occurs at F1 the CB1 only should trip and other system continues to work. Similarly for F2 both CB3 and CB2 should open. Thus, the protective relaying should isolate only the faulty part of line without distu
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Design of submersible motor

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Design of submersible motor Submersible pumps are immersed in liquid. A motor is coupled to the pump. Since this assembly (pump+mortor) is immersed in liquid, it should be tightly sealed so that liquid should not enter inside the motor.  In conventional pumps, the pump-motor unit is installed above the liquid or water surface but this pump suffers from the drawback of cavity formation since airgap is formed between liquid or water level and the pump impeller. It is often termed as air is trapped. So the pump can not be started unless this trapped air is released by pouring water inside the suction head pipe.  But in case of submersible pump, there is no issue of cavity formation. Applications of submersible pumps:- Bore well for water pumping Sewage handling/drainage systems Slurry pumping Oil wells Design considerations:- Since the submersible pump is immersed in liquid or water, the motors used must is specially designed and manufactured to prevent water
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